Fatty liver disease is becoming more prevalent among individuals who rarely consume alcohol. The primary causes are poor metabolic health and unhealthy lifestyle choices. According to Bhaskar Nandi, the Director of the Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy Department at Sarvodaya Hospital in India, the rising rates of obesity, particularly abdominal fat, along with conditions like type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension, contribute to fat accumulation in the liver.

Nandi points out that diets high in processed foods, sugary drinks, refined carbohydrates, and unhealthy fats exacerbate this condition. Even individuals with a lean physique can develop fatty liver if they have poor metabolic health, unhealthy eating habits, or genetic predispositions.

Similarly, Tushar Tayal, Deputy Director of the Internal Medicine Department at CK Birla Hospital in Gurugram, India, emphasizes that excessive fructose and refined carbohydrates in daily diets are significant contributors to fatty liver disease. The liver converts excess sugar into fat for storage, a process that can silently progress over many years, potentially leading to liver inflammation, fibrosis, or even cirrhosis.

Symptoms of fatty liver disease often appear late. Patients may experience vague upper right abdominal pain, prolonged fatigue, loss of appetite, bloating, unexplained weight loss, jaundice, and yellowing of the eyes, as noted by the Cleveland Clinic. However, Tayal explains that fatty liver disease typically does not cause symptoms in its early stages. Many cases are only detected through blood tests or ultrasounds conducted for other reasons, making it easier for the disease to progress unnoticed.

Importantly, being underweight does not guarantee immunity from fatty liver disease. It can still occur in individuals with high visceral fat, low muscle mass, or genetic factors. If left untreated, fatty liver disease can progress to liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. Additionally, affected individuals face a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Fortunately, fatty liver disease can improve with early intervention. Nandi advises that weight loss, regular physical activity, and a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean proteins, along with effective management of diabetes and cholesterol, can enhance liver health. Tayal adds that even a modest weight loss of 5 to 10%, combined with reduced sugar intake and consistent exercise, can significantly lower liver fat levels within a few months. Regular liver enzyme tests and early detection remain crucial for managing the disease.